PLACEMENTS: Reasoning

Showing posts with label Reasoning. Show all posts

Sunday, 2 August 2015

SBI - Reasoning - 1

SBI _ Reasoning - 1

Directions—(Q. 1–5) Below in each question are given two statements (I) and (II). These statements may be either independent causes or may be effects of independent causes or a common cause. One of these statements may be the effect of the other statement. Read both the statements and then decide which of the following answer choice correctly depicts the relationship between these two statements.

Mark answer—

(A) if statement (I) is the cause and statement(II) is its effect.

(B) if statement (II) is the cause and statement(I) is its effect.

(D) if both statements (I) and (II) are effects of independent causes.

(E) if both statement (I) and (II) are effects of some common cause.

1. (I) The government has amended tax laws to boost exports.

(II) The export sector has been passing through difficult times due to heavy tax burdens.

Ans : (B)

2. (I) Budgetary allocation for building a better railway network e.g. constructing new railway

lines has increased.

(II) There has been a substantial drop in the number of passenger opting for air travel.

Ans : (D)

3. (I) The production of pulses has dropped for the third consecutive year.

(II) India has decided to import pulses this year.

Ans : (A)

4. (I) The Bank has provided a link on its website to obtain feed-back from customers.

(II) Customers have been complaining about poor services in the Bank’s branches.

Ans : (B)

5. (I) Indian citizens are willing to incur the cost of using environment friendly technology.

(II) Many countries are taking steps to cut their carbon emissions.

Ans : (E)

Directions—(Q. 6–10) In each question below is given a group of letters followed by four combinations of digits/symbols lettered (A), (B), (C) and (D). You have to find out which of the combinations correctly represents the group of letters based on the coding system and mark the letter of that combination as your answer. If none of the combinations correctly represents the group of letters, mark (E) i.e. ‘None of these’ as your answer.

Letter : T A G R S D N E V U X P

Digit/Symbol Code : @ 4 9 # % 3 © 5 1 β 7 6

Conditions—

(i) if the first letter is a consonant and the last letter is a vowel only the first letter may be coded and no code may be given to the last letter.

(ii) if both the first and last letters are vowels then both are to be coded as $.

(iii) if the first letter is a vowel and the last letter is a consonant then the codes are to be interchanged.

6. DESGRT

(A) 35%9#

(B) 35%9#@

(D) 359%#@

(E) None of these

Ans : (B)

7. NERSPU

(A) @5#%6@

(B) @5#56©

(D) ©5#%6β

(E) None of these

Ans : (C)

8. XNTPGA

(A) 7©@694

(B) 7©@964

(D) 7©@69

(E) None of these

Ans : (D)

9. ESVNTU

(A) $%1©@$

(B) 5%1©@β

(D) $%1©β 5

(E) None of these

Ans : (A)

10. UXPTGN

(A) ©76@9β

(B) $76@9©

(D) β 76@9B

(E) None of these

Ans : (A)

11. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to the group?

(A) Tornado

(B) Volcano

(D) Hurricane

(E) Cyclone

Ans : (B)

12. How many such pairs of letters are there in the word EVAPORATE each of which has as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet?

(A) One

(B) Two

(D) Four

(E) More than four

Ans : (E) ( OP, POR, PORAT, VAPOR, RAT )

13. How many meaningful four letter English words can be formed with the letters ITED using

each letter only once in each word ?

(A) None

(B) One

(D) Three

(E) More than three

Ans : (E) ( TIDE, EDIT, DIET, DITE, TIED )

Directions—(Q. 14–15) Study the following information carefully to answer these questions.

A vehicle starts from point P and runs 10 kms towards North. It takes a right turn and runs 15 kms. It

now moves 6 kms after taking a left turn. It finally takes a left turn, runs 15 kms and stops at point Q.

14. How far is point Q with respect to point P?

(A) 16 km

(B) 25 km

(D) 0 km

(E) None of these

Ans : (A)

15. Towards which direction was the vehicle moving before it stopped at point Q?

(A) North

(B) East

(D) West

(E) North-West

Ans : (D)

Sunday, 26 July 2015

Accenture - Verbal & Reasoning - 8

Accenture – Verbal & Reasoning - 8

1. Read the information given below and answer the questions that follow.

Six friends are sitting in a circle and are facing the centre of the circle. Deepa is between Prakash and Pankaj. Priti is between Mukesh and Lalit. Prakash and Mukesh are opposite to each other.

I. Who are the neighbours of Mukesh?

A. Prakash and Deepa B. Deepa and Priti

C. Priti and Pankaj D. Lalit and Priti

Ans: (C)

II. Who is sitting opposite to Priti ?

A. Prakash B. Deepa

C. Pankaj D. Lalit

Ans: (B)

III. Who is just right to Pankaj?

A. Deepa B. Lalit

C. Prakash D. Priti

Ans: (A)

2. The questions below is based on the information given

1. A + B means A is the mother of B.

2. A - B means A is the sister of B.

3. A * B means A is the father of B.

4. A β B means A is the brother of B.

I. Which of the following means that N is the maternal uncle of M?

A. N β P - L + E - M B. N - Y + A β M

C. M - Y * P - N D. N β C + F * M

Ans: (A)

II. Which of the following means Q is the grandfather of P?

A. P + N * M * Q B. Q * N * M + P

C. Q β M β N * P D. None of these

Ans: (D)

3. Some of the letters are missing in the series and these are given as alternatives below. Please choose the correct group of letters that would fit in the blank places to complete the series.

gfe _ ig _ eii _ fei _ gf_ ii

(A) eifgi

(B) figie

(D) ifige

Ans: (C)

4. Some of the letters are missing in the series and these are given as alternatives below. Please choose the correct group of letters that would fit in the blank places to complete the series.

ab _ aa _ bbb _ aaa _ bbba

(A) abba

(B) baab

(D) abab

Ans: (B)

5. Various terms of an alphabet series are given with one or more terms missing as shown by (?). Choose the missing terms out of the given alternatives.

Z, S, W, O, T, K, Q, G, ?, ?

(A) N, C

(B) N, D

(D) O, D

Ans: (A)

6. Choose the correct alternative that will continue the same pattern and replace the question mark

5824, 5242, ?, 4247, 3823

(A) 4467

(B) 4718

(D) 5164

Ans: (B)

7. First bunch of bananas has (1/4) again as many bananas as a second bunch. If the second bunch has 3 bananas less than the first bunch, then the number of bananas in the first bunch is?

Ans: (15)

Let A and B be the number of bananas in bunch 1 and 2 respctively.

We now have an equation: A = 5B/4 and B = A – 3.

Substituting the value of B in the first equation and solving we get A = 15.

8. Mr. X, a mathematician, defines a number as 'connected with 6 if it is divisible by 6 or if the sum of its digits is 6, or if 6 is one of the digits of the number. Other numbers are all 'not connected with 6'. As per this definition, the number of integers from 1 to 60 (both inclusive) which are not connected with 6 is

(A) 18

(B) 22

(D) 43

Ans: (D)

The numbers eliminated according to the question are:

6, 12, 15, 16, 18, 24, 26, 30, 33, 36, 42, 46, 48, 51, 54, 56, 60 (Totally 17 numbers)

9. Between two book-ends in your study are displayed your five favourite puzzle books. If you decide to arrange the five books in every possible combination and moved just one book every minute, how long would it take you?

(A) 1 hour

(B) 2 hours

(D) 4 hours

Ans: (B)

The books can be arranged in 5! Ways -> 120 ways. Since each arrangement take one minute the total time to arrange in all the ways will be 120 minutes or 2 hours.

10. Six products U,V,W,X,Y and Z are to be placed in display windows of a shop. There are six display windows numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6 and one product is to be put in one window. Moreover U cannot be immediately to the left or immediately to the right of V. W must be immediately to the left of X, Z cannot be in window number 6.

If X is placed in window no:3, then U must be placed in which window?

Ans: Window No 6

The arrangement will be as follows: Z W X V Y U

11. Two cars start from the opposite places of a main road, 150 km apart. First car runs for 25 km and takes a right turn and then runs 15 km. It then turns left and then runs for another 25 km and then takes the direction back to reach the main road. In the meantime, due to minor break down the other car has run only 35 km along the main road. What would be the distance between two cars at this point?

Ans: 65 km (Draw a figure and you will get the answer)

Similar question was there in a CAT paper more than a decade ago.

12. A boy rode his bicycle northward, then turned left and rode 1 km and again turned left and rode 2 km. He found himself 1 km west of his starting point. How far did he ride northward initially?

(A) 1 km

(B) 2 km

(D) 5 km

Ans: (B) Simple question. Draw a figure to get the answer.

13. Read the paragraph carefully and answer the question given below it.

The future of women in India is quite bright and let us hope that they will justify their abilities by rising to the occasion. Napoleon was right when he declared that by educating the women we can educate the whole nation. Because a country can never rise without the contribution of 50% of their population.

The passage best supports the statement that:

(A) India is striving hard for the emancipation of women.

(B) all women should be well educated.

(D) Women ought to be imparted full freedom to prove their worth and contribute to the progress of the nation.

Ans: (D)

14. Read the paragraph carefully and answer the question given below it.

The virtue of art does not allow the work to be interfered with or immediately ruled by anything other than itself. It insists that it alone shall touch the work in order to bring it into being. Art requires that nothing shall attain the work except through art itself.

This passage best supports the statement that:

(A) art is governed by external rules and conditions.

(B) art is for the sake of art and life.

(D) artist realises his dreams through his artistic creation.

Ans: (C)

15. The taxi charges in a city comprise of a fixed charge, together with the charge of the distance covered. For a journey of 16 km, the charges paid are Rs. 156 and for a journey of 24 km, the charges paid are Rs. 204. What will a person have to pay for travelling a distance of 30 km?

Ans: Rs 240

Let ‘x’ be the fixed charge and ‘y’ the per km charge. Then we have two equations as under:

X + 16y = 156 ----------------- (i)

X + 24y = 204 ---------------- (ii)

Subtracting (i) from (ii) we get the value of Y as Rs 6.00 and the value of x as Rs 60.00

Substituting these values, the amount for a distance of 30 km will be:

60 + (30*6) = 240.00

Saturday, 30 May 2015

CAPGEMINI - Reasoning

Capgemini – Reasoning

Question (1-4) A question is asked with two statement following it. You will have to answer the question based on the following:

A) I alone is sufficient while II alone is not sufficient

B) II alone is sufficient while I alone is not sufficient

C) Either I or II is sufficient

D) Neither I nor II is sufficient

E) Both I and II are sufficient

1. Is the GDP of country X higher than Country Y?
Statements:
i. GDPs of X and Y have been increasing at a compounded annual growth rate of 5% and 6% over the past 5 yrs
ii. 5 years ago GDP of X was 1.2 times of Y

Ans: (E)

2. A boat can ferry 1500 passengers across a river in 12 hrs. How many round trips does it make during the journey?
Statements:
i. The boat can carry 400 passengers at a time
ii. During its journey, the boat takes 40 minutes time each way and 20 minutes waiting time at each end.

Ans: (E)

3. What are the values of m and n?
Statements:
i. n is an even integer, m is odd integer and m is greater than n.
ii. The product of m and n is 30

Ans: (E)

4. How much is the weight of 20 mangoes and 30 oranges?
Statements:
i. 1 orange weighs twice that of 1 mango
ii. 2 mangoes and 3 oranges weigh 2 kg

Ans: (B)

Direction for Question 5- 8: Read the following and then answer the questions that follow:

Five teams participated in Pepsi Cup. Each team played against each other. The top teams played finals. A win fetched 2 pts and a tie 1 point
1) South Africa were in the finals
2) India defeated SA but failed to reach the finals
3) Australia lost only one match in the tournament
4) The match between India and Sri Lanka was a tie
5) The undefeated team in the league matches lost in the finals
6) England was one of the best teams that did not qualify

5. Who were the finalists?
(A) SA & India (B) Aus & SL (C) SA & SL (D) None

Ans: (C)

6. Who won the finals?
(A) Aus (B) SL (C) SA (D) Can’t be determined

Ans: (D)

7. How many matches did India Win?
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) can’t be determined

Ans: (D)

8. What was the outcome of the India England Match
(A) India won (B) England won (C) It was a tie (D) Can’t be determined

Ans: (D)

Question 9 & 10 are based on the situation given below:

A, B, C, D, E, F, and G the seven cricket players are to be honoured at a special luncheon. The players will be seated on a dais along one side of a single rectangular table.
A and G have to leave the luncheon early and must be seated at the extreme right end of table, which is closest to exit.
B will receive Man of the Match and must be in the centre chair
C and D who are bitter rivals for the position of Wicket keeper dislike one another and should be seated as far apart as possible
E and F are best friends and want to seat together.

9. Which of the following may not be seated at either end of the table?
(A) C (B) D (C) G (D) F

Ans: (D)

10. Which of the following pairs may not be seated together?
(A) E & A (B) B & D (C) C & F (D) G & D

Ans: (A)

Question 11-14 are based on the following information:

An employee has to allocate offices to six staff members. The offices are numbered one to six and are arranged in a row and they are separated from each other by dividers. Hence voices, sounds and cigarette smoke flow easily from one office to another

Miss R needs to use the telephone quite often throughout the day. Mr. M and Mr. B need adjacent offices as they need to consult each other often while working. Miss H is a senior employee and his to be allotted the office no. 5, having the biggest window.

Mr D requires silence in office next to his. Mr. T, Mr M and Mr. D are all smokers. Miss H finds tobacco smoke allergic and consecutively the offices next to hers are occupied by non-smokers. Unless specifically stated all the employees maintain an atmosphere of silence during office hrs.

11. The ideal candidate to occupy office farthest from Mr. B will be
(a) Miss H (b) Mr. M (c) Mr. T (d) Mr. D

Ans: (c)

12. The three employees who are smokers should be seated in the offices
(a) 1 2 4 (b) 2 3 6 (c) 1 2 3 (d) 1 2 6

Ans: (c)

13. The ideal office for Mr. M would be
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 1 (d) 3

Ans: (d)

14. In the event of what occurrence within a period of one month since the assignment of the offices would a request for a change in office be put forth by one or more employees?
(a) Mr D quitting smoking
(b) Mr. T taking over duties formally taken care of by Miss R
(c) The installation of a water cooler in Miss H?s office
(d) Mr. B suffering from anaemia

Ans: (b)

Question 15-17 are based on the following information:

Ten coins are distributed among four people P, Q, R, S such that one of them gets a coin, another gets 2 coins,3rd gets 3 coins, and 4th gets 4 coins. It is known that Q gets more coins than P, and S gets fewer coins than R.

15. If the no. of coins distributed to Q is twice the no. of coins distributed to P then which one of the following is necessarily true?
(a) R gets even no. of coins
(b) R gets odd no. of coins
(c) S gets even no. of coins
(d) S gets odd no. of coins

Ans: All the above are possible answers. (There appears to be a mistake in the question)

16. If R gets at least two more coins than S which one of the following is necessarily true?
(a) Q gets at least 2 more coins than S
(b) Q gets more coins than P
(c) P gets more coins than S
(d) P and Q together get at least five coins

Ans: (b)

17. If Q gets fewer coins than R, then which one of the following is not necessarily true?
(a) P and Q together get at least 4 coins
(b) Q and S together get at least 4 coins
(c) R and S together get at least 5 coins
(d) P and R together get at least 5 coins

Ans: (a)

Question 18-19 are based on the following information:

Elle is 3 times older than Zaheer. Zaheer is as old as Waheeda. Yogesh is elder than Zaheer.

18. What is sufficient to estimate Elle’s age?
(a) Zaheer is 10 yrs old
(b) Yogesh and Waheeda are both older than Zaheer by the same no of yrs.
(c) Both of the above
(d) None of the above

Ans: (a)

19. Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the info above?
(a) Yogesh is elder than Waheeda
(b) Elle is older than Waheeda
(c) Elle’s age may be less than that of Waheeda
(d) None of the above

Ans: (c) This is wrong and can be inferred from the above.

Wednesday, 6 May 2015

Accenture - Verbal & Reasoning - 6

Accenture – Verbal & Reasoning – 6

(Question 1-5) Identify the word that is similar in meaning to the given word in block letters.

1. SACROSANCT

(a) Too important (b) worship (c) sacrifice (d) best

Ans: (a)

2. WHIMSICAL

(a) Victorious (b) swift (c) fanciful (d) momentary

Ans: (c)

3. CANDID

(a) Frank (b) close (c) dignity (d) happy

Ans: (a)

4. SPECIFICATION

(a) Pointing (b) documentation (c) reasoning (d) advertising

Ans: (b)

5. EXTRADITE

(a) Addiction (b) logical (c) deport (d) important

Ans: (c)

(Question 6-11) Fill in the blank with the appropriate word to complete a meaningful sentence:

6. Fate smiles --------- those who untiringly grapple with stark realities of life.

(a) With (b) over (c) on (d) round

Ans: (c)

7. The miser gazed --------- at the pile of gold coins in front of him.

(a) Avidly (b) admiringly (c) thoughtfully (d) earnestly

Ans: (a)

8. Catching the earlier train will give us the ---------- to do some shopping.

(a) Chance (b) luck (c) possibility (d) occasion

Ans: (a)

9. I saw a --------- cows in the field.

(a) Group (b) herd (c) swarm (d) flock

Ans: (b)

10. The grapes are now ---------- enough to be picked.

(a) ready (b) mature (c) ripe (d) advanced

Ans: (c)

11. Success in this examination depends ---------- hard work alone.

(a) At (b) over (c) for (d) on

Ans: (d)

(Question 12-16) Identify the word that is opposite in meaning to the given word in block letters.

12. ENORMOUS

(a) Soft (b) average (c) tiny (d) weak

Ans: (c)

13. COMMISSIONED

(a) Started (b) closed (c) finished (d) terminated

Ans: (d)

14. EXODUS

(a) Influx (b) home coming (c) return (d) restoration

Ans: (a)

15. RELINQUISH

(a) Abdicate (b) renounce (c) posses (d) deny

Ans: (c)

16. EXPAND

(a) Contract (b) condense (c) congest (d) conclude

Ans: (b)

(Question 17-19) Read the passage and then answer the questions that follow:

Passage: In country ‘X’ democratic, conservative and justice parties have fought three civil wars in twenty years. To restore stability an agreement is reached to rotate the top offices of the President, Prime Minister and the Army Chief among the parties so that each party controls one and only office at all times. The three office holders must each have two deputies, one from each of the other parties. Each deputy must choose staff composed of equal members of his or her chief’s party and member of the third party.

17. When the democratic party holds Presidency, the staff of the Prime-Minister’s deputies are composed of:

(i) One-fourth of democratic party members

(ii) One half of justice party members and one fourth of Conservative party members

(iii) One half of Conservative party members and one fourth of Justice party members.

(a) (i) only

(b) (i) and (ii) only

(d) (i) and (ii) or (i) and (iii)

Ans: (a)

18. Which of the following is allowable under the rules stated:

(a) More than half of the staff within given office

(b) Half of the staff within a given office

(d) Half the total number of members in all parties.

Ans: (a)

19. When the office of the Army Chief passes from Conservative to Justice party, which of the following must be fired?

(a) The democratic deputy and all staff members

(b) Justice party deputy and all their staff

(d) The conservative deputy and all their staff

Ans: (a)

Friday, 1 May 2015

English - Verbal & Reasoning - 2

English – Verbal & Reasoning – 2

(Sourced – XAT Questions)

(Questions 1 – 3) Choose the most appropriate option after reading the statements:

1. (i) Whether due to haste or design, the new laws are marked by vagueness, leaving officials all down the organization’s bureaucratic chain great latitude in enforcing them.

(ii) The opacity of the language leaves the law open to manipulation on political grounds.

(a) Statement (ii) can be induced from statement (i)

(b) Statement (i) can be induced from statement (ii)

(d) Statement (i) can be deduced from statement (ii)

(e) Statement (i) and (ii) are independent.

Ans: (a)

2. (i) If there is any endeavour whose fruits should be freely available, that endeavour is surely public financed science.

(ii) There is widespread feeling that the journal publishers who have mediated the scientific exchange for the past century or more are becoming an impediment to free distribution of knowledge.

(iii) Internet revolution is happening making knowledge transfer cheaper. Technology permits it; researchers and politicians want it, more public money can be spent on it.

(a) Statement (ii) definitely illustrates statement (i)

(b) Statement (iii) is a facilitating condition for statement (i)

(d) Statement (ii) can be deduced from statement (iii) but independent of statement (i)

(e) Statements (i) (ii) and (iii) are necessarily independent.

Ans: (b)

3. (i) Business schools are ideally positioned to point out when an action that provides benefit for an individual comes at a cost to society, but in reality they rarely bother.

(ii) It is part of the malaise that has befallen the political debate on capitalism, which has been taken over by special interest and people who have no faith in the real market based system.

(iii) When the government favours the private sector it is all too often by being ‘pro-business’ rather than ‘pro-market’, meaning that favourable conditions are provided to particular institutions rather than to institutions broadly.

(a) Statements (i) and (ii) are necessarily dependent

(b) Statements (ii) and (iii) are necessarily dependent

(d) Statements (i), (ii) and (iii) cannot be independent

(e) All the three statements are necessarily independent.

Ans: (c)

(Questions 4 – 6) Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate option that follows.

4. ------ wolf meeting with ------- lamb astray from -------- fold, resolved not to lay violent hands on him, but to find some plea to justify to -------- lamb ------ wolf’s right to eat him.

(a) a, a, the, the, the

(b) the, a, the, a, the

(d) the, the, the, the, the

(e) the, a, the, a, a

Ans: (a)

5. ------ bat who fell upon ----- ground and was caught by ------- weasel pleaded to spare his life ----- weasel refused, saying that he was by nature ------ enemy of all birds. ------ bat assured him that he was not -------bird, but ----- mouse, and thus was set free.

(a) a, the, a, the, the, the, the, a

(b) a, the, a, the, a, the, a, a

(d) a, the, a, the, the, the, a, a

(e) the, a, a, a, the, the, a, a

Ans: (d)

6. He got ------- next morning, to be sure, and had his meals ------ usual, though he ate ----- and had more, I am afraid, than his usual supply of rum, for he helped himself --------- the bar, scowling and blowing --------his nose, and no one dared ------ cross him.

(a) Down, like, a little, out of, out, to

(b) Down, as, little, of, out, to

(d) Downstairs, like, a little, out, of, to

(e) Down, like, a little, of, of, through

Ans: (b)

(Question 7-9) Read the following sentences and choose the option that best arranges them in a logical order.

7. (1) I was scarcely in position ere my enemies began to arrive, seven or eight of them, running hard, their feet beating out of time along the road and the man with the lantern some paces in front

(2) My curiosity, in a sense, was stronger than my fear, for I could not remain where I was, but crept back to the bank again, whence, sheltering my head behind a bush of broom, I might command the road before our door

(3) Three men ran together, hand in hand; and I made out, even through the mist, that the middle man of this trio was the blind beggar

(4) The next moment his voice showed me that I was right.

(a) 1, 2, 3, 4

(b) 2, 1, 3, 4

(d) 1, 3, 4, 2

(e) 1, 4, 2, 3

Ans: (b)

8. (1) Finally he took a wrong turn and passed a few steps past me, towards the hamlet, crying, ‘Johnny black dog , Drik’ and other names, “you won’t leave old Pew, mates-not old Pew”

(2) This quarrel was the saving of us, for while it was still raging, another sound came from the top of the hill on the side of the hamlet- the tramp of horses galloping

(3) And that was plainly the last signal, of danger, for the buccaneers turned and at once and ran, separating in every direction, one seaward along the cove, one slant across the hill, and so on, so that in half a minute not a sign of them remained but Pew.

(4) Him they had deserted, whether in sheer panic or out of revenge for his ill words and blows I know not: but there he remained behind, tapping up and down the road in frenzy, and groping and calling for his comrades

(5) Almost at the same time a pistol-flash and report came from the hedge side.

(a) 5, 1, 3, 4, 2

(b) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4

(d) 4, 3, 2, 5, 1

(e) 2, 5, 4, 3, 1

Ans: (c)

9. (1) As chroniclers of an incremental process, they discover that additional research makes it harder, not easier, to answer questions like: When was Oxygen discovered? Who first conceived of energy conservation?

(2) Simultaneously, these same historians confront growing difficulties in distinguishing the ‘Scientific’ component of past observation and belief from what their predecessors had readily labelled ‘error’ and ‘superstition’

(3) Increasingly, a few of them suspect that these are simply the wrong sorts of questions to ask. Perhaps science does not develop by the accumulation of individual discoveries and inventions.

(4) In recent years, however, a few historians of science have been finding it more and more difficult to fulfil the functions that the concept of development – by – accumulation assigns to them.

(a) 2, 1, 3, 4

(b) 4, 3, 1, 2

(d) 4, 3, 2, 1

(e) 4, 1, 3, 2

Ans: (e)