Syllogism - A Brief Note

SYLLOGISM – Brief Note

Syllogism is an argument that has a major premise, a minor premise and conclusions. The two premises have a subject and a predicate and the middle term should have been distributed at least once.

Major premise                   A general statement

Minor premise                   A specific statement

Conclusion                          Based on the premises.

In syllogism the truth and validity have differences between them.  A syllogism can be true but not valid by making any logical sense and it can also be valid but not true.

There are four types of premises:

Universal Affirmative                                       All Dogs are Cats

Universal Negative                                          No Dog is a Cat

Particular affirmative                                        Some Dogs are Cats

Particular Negative                                          Some Dogs are not Cats

The following chart should assist the readers in solving questions on Syllogism.

Abbreviations used:

Universal Affirmative – UA

Universal Negative     -- UN

Particular Affirmative – PA

Particular Negative    --  PN

Statement – One	UA	UN	PA	PN	UA	UA	UN
Statement – Two	UA/UN	UN	PA	PN	PN	PA	PA
Conclusion	UA/UN	No Conclusion possible	No Conclusion possible	No Conclusion possible	PN	PA	PN

In each of the following questions are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the given statements true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusion logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.  Give answer:

(a)          if only Conclusion I follows.

(b)          If only Conclusion II follows.

(c)          If either Conclusion I or II follows.

(d)          If neither Conclusion I nor II follows.

(e)          If both Conclusions I and II follow.

1.            Statement:                                 All Dogs are Monkeys.

                                                                No Monkey is a Cat.

                Conclusion:              I               No Dog is a Cat

                                                II             No Cat is a Dog.

2.            Statement:                                  Some phones are watches.

                                                                All watches are guns.

                Conclusion:             I               All guns are watches

                                                II             Some guns are phones

3.            Statement:                                 Some trucks are houses.

                                                                Some houses are trains.

                Conclusion:             I               Some trains are trucks

                                                II             No train is truck

4.            Statement:                                 All pencils are bricks

                                                                All bricks are bottles.

                Conclusion:              I               Some bottles are bricks

                                                II             All bricks are bottles.

5.            Statement:                                 All tigers are ships.

                                                                Some ships are cupboards.

                Conclusion:              I               Some tigers are cupboards

                                                II             Some cupboards are tigers.

6.            Statement:                                 All flowers are trees

                                                                All trees are fruits

                Conclusion:              I               Some fruits are flowers

                                                II             All flowers are fruits.

7.            Statement:                                 All cars are cats.

                                                                All fans are cats.

                Conclusion:              I               All cars are fans.

                                                II             Some fans are cars.

8.            Statement:                                 Many Scooters are trucks.

                                                                All trucks are trains.

                Conclusion:              I               Some scooters are trains.

                                                II             Some trains are scooters.

9.            Statement:                                  Some kites are threads

                                                                No thread is a needle

                Conclusion:              I               Some kites are needles

                                                II             No needle is thread.

10.          Statement:                                 Some stones are cups.

                                                                Some cups are black.

                Conclusion:              I               Some blacks are not cups

                                                II             Some cups are stones

 Answers:     1. (e)            2. (b)     3. (d)     4. (b)     5. (e)     6. (b)     7. (a)      8. (e)     9. (b)     10. (d)

                

Sentence Completion - 2

 Sentence Completion - 2

1.                              More insurers are limiting the sale of property insurance in coastal

areas and other regions --------- natural disasters.     [Ans: E]

a)safe from        b)according to   c)which include    d)despite       e)prone to

               

2.           .                 Roman Regions ------ the Mountain ------ of Masada for three years

before they were able to seize it .       [Ans: C]

a) dissembled------ bastion          b)assailed ---- symbol    c)besieged ----citadel

d) surmounted ------ dwelling    e)honed---- stronghold

3.                        Unlike his calmer, more easy going colleagues ,the senator was---, ready

to quarrel at the slightest provocation.       [Ans: B]

a)whimsical        b)irascible           c)gregarious      d)ineffectual      e)benign

4.        .                   Although historians have long thought of Genghis Khan as a---

potentate ,new research has shown he was -----by many of his subjects.     [Ans: B]

a)tyrannical ----abhorred              b) despotic ----- revered                               c)redundant --- venerated d)jocular -----esteemed                           e)peremptory ----- invoked

5.   .                     Jill was ---by her employees because she often ---them for not working

                hard enough.     Ans:[B]

a) deified ----- goaded                    b) loathed ---- berated         c)disregarded----- eulogized 

d) cherished----- decided                e)execrated ----lauded

6.      .                      Reconstructing the skeletons of extinct species like dinosaurs is ------

            process that requires much patience and effort by palaeontologists.       Ans[E]

a)a nascent         b)an aberrant                   c) a dishevelled          d)a worthless

e)an exacting

7.    7.                      Nearly ------ by disease and the destruction of their habitat , Koalas are

now found only in isolated parts of eucalyptus forester .                      Ans[C]

a)dispersed        b)compiled         c)decimated       d)infuriated        e) averted

   8.     Deep ideological ----and internal power struggles---the government.     Ans[E]

            a) disputes....facilitated                                 b) similarities..... protracted

c) distortions… .accelerated        d) agreements ....stymied           e) divisions .... paralyzed

9.             .             It is ---- that a people so capable of treachery and brutality should also exhibit such a tremendous                  capacity for heroism .             Ans[C]

a)unfortunate                   b)explicable       c)paradoxical     d)distressing      e)appalling

10.                     Despite their fierce appearance, Caymans are rarely -----, and will not attack humans unless                         provoked .                Ans[E]

a)extinct              b)timid                c)domesticated             d)amphibious           e)aggressive

TCS Questions - 9

TCS Questions - 9

1.    1.  The price of a candy bar is $1.00. The price of a ten pack of the same candy bar is $7.40. The ten pack candy bar is what percentage cheaper than purchasing ten candy bars individually?

a)      18%                b) 26%                  c)   32%                 d)  48%                 e)  The prices are same.

Ans:  (b)

The cost of 10 pack candy bar is $7.40

The cost of ten candy bar purchased separately $1.00 x 10 = $10.00

Thus he saving is $2.60. Percentage of saving is  ($2.60 x 100) / $10.00 =  26%

2.       Using the digits 1, 3, 4 and 6 arrive at the value of 24 using any mathematical functions other than BODMAS rule.

Ans:     - [ (6) / { (3/4) – 1 } ] = 24

3.       Choose the pair that best represents a similar relationship to the on expressed in bold letters:

FERAL : TAME   

a)      Rancid : rational        b)  repetitive : recurrent      c) nettlesome : annoying

d)    ephemeral : immortal

Ans:  (d)  Feral and Tame are antonyms and ephemeral and immortal are antonyms.

4.       An empty tank is filled with an inlet pipe A that can fill the tank in 42 minutes. After 12 minutes another outlet pipe B that can empty the full tank in 30 minutes is opened. After 6 minutes another inlet pipe C which can fill the tank in 35 minutes and the tank is filled. What is the total time taken to fill the tank? 

Ans:  40.5 minutes

Pipe A continues to fill for initial 12 minutes plus further 6 minutes when Pipe B is open.

Thus Pipe during the 18 minutes fills 18/42 or 3/7 of the tank.

Pipe B during the 6 minutes, drain 6/30 or 1/5 of the filled tank.

The water in the tank now is 3/7 – 1/5 = 8/35.

The remaining capacity of the tank is 1 – 8/35 = 27/35

This has to be filled by all the three pipes where Pipes A and C fills and Pipe B drains.

The quantum filled by all the three pipes now in one minute is

1/42 + 1/35 – 1/30 =  28/210

Hence the time taken to fill the remaining tank will be (27/35) / (28/210) = 40.5 minutes

5.       A scientist was doing an experiment on bacteria. Yesterday at 3.00 p.m. he observed that there were 1000 bacteria and at 5.00 p.m. yesterday he noted them to be 4000. How many bacteria would have been there at 8.00 p.m. yesterday?

a)      8000               b) 32000               c) 16000                d) 12000

Ans: (b)

At 3.00 p.m. the number of bacteria was 1000 and at 5.00 p.m. they were 4000. In other words, the bacteria were doubling itself every hour. Thus we have the following figures.

At 3.00 p.m.       1000

At 4.00 p.m.       2000

AT 5.00 P.m.      4000

AT 6.00 p.m.      8000

At 7.00 p.m.     16000

At 8.00 p.m.     32000

6.       The original price of a car was $27,800. Anticipating good demand for the car the owner jacked up the price of the car to 120% of its original price and put it for sale. As there were no buyers even after one week, he allowed a discount of 30% on the marked price and sold the car. At what price did he sell the car?

a)      $33,600         b)   $10,008         c)   $27,800          d) $23,352

Ans: (d)

The purchase price was $ 27,800      

Marked up price 120% of the purchase price ---- $33,360

Discount allowed 30% on the marked price -----  $10,008

Sale price of the car                                          ------ $23,352

7.       A reputed Dollar store with 3700 stores across the US announced that there was an increase of 3% in transactions over the previous year’s figure of 20 million. If the company had made $ 19 million profit this year, then what is the average profit per store?

a)      $0.51 thousand         b)  $7.03 thousand           c)  $15.41 thousand         d) $5.14 thousand

Ans:  (d)

There was other unwanted information in this question. To answer this question the two information namely the total profit earned and the number of branches would do.

Profit earned $19,000,000 divided by Number of stores 3700 will give a value $5.135 thousand rounded to $5.14 thousand.

8.       A cyclist buys a cycle for 40 pounds and pays with a cheque for 57 pounds. The seller changes the cheque with the neighbour and returns the change of 17 pounds and delivers the cycle. The cheque was dishonoured and the seller was forced to pay his neighbour the amount of the cheque. If the purchase price of the cycle was only 7 pounds, then what was the amount of the loss incurred by the seller of the cycle?

a)      57 pounds                   b)  24 pounds                     c)  47 pounds        d)  7 pounds

Ans (b)

The seller changed the cheque for 57 pounds and when it was dishonoured, the transaction turned out to be one where the seller had borrowed 57 pounds from his neighbour. Hence, when he paid back the amount to the neighbour he was in fact returning the money borrowed. Hence in this transaction there is no loss or gain.

As for the buyer, the seller gave him 17 pounds and also the cycle that he bought for 7 pounds. These two are the actual loss incurred by the seller and the same is

17 pounds + 7 pounds = 24 pounds.

9.       There are six periods in a day in a school and five subjects are to be arranged. In how many ways this can be done?

Ans: 3600

The five subjects can be arranged in six periods in 6P5 ways. We now have one extra period. The five subjects can be arranged in this period in 5 ways. Thus we have an answer

6P5 * 5C1 = 6*5*4*3*2*5 = 3600 ways.

10.   The length and breadth of a rectangular field is 400ft and 300ft respectively. In this field there are ants sitting at the rate of 3 ants per every square inch of the field. Find approximately the number of ants in the entire field?

Ans:  3 * 17280000 ants.

The length and breadth expressed in inches are 4800 and 3600 respectively.

Thus the area of the field in square inches is 4800 + 3600 = 17280000 sq. inches.

There are 3 ants in each sq. inch of the field.

Hence the total number of ants in the field are  3 * 17280000

                                                                                --- x ---

A GREAT STORY

A Great Story

Good morning, said a woman as she walked up to the man sitting on ground.
The man slowly looked up.

This was a woman clearly accustomed to the finer things of life. Her coat was new. She looked like she had never missed a meal in her life.

His first thought was that she wanted to make fun of him, like so many others had done before.. "Leave me alone," he growled.... 

To his amazement, the woman continued standing.

She was smiling -- her even white teeth displayed in dazzling rows. "Are you hungry?" she asked.

"No," he answered sarcastically. "I've just come from dining with the president. Now go away."

The woman's smile became even broader. Suddenly the man felt a gentle hand under his arm.

"What are you doing, lady?" the man asked angrily. "I said to leave me alone.

Just then a policeman came up. "Is there any problem, ma'am?" he asked.

"No problem here, officer," the woman answered. "I'm just trying to get this man to his feet. Will you help me?"

The officer scratched his head. "That's old Jack. He's been a fixture around here for a couple of years. What do you want with him?"

"See that cafeteria over there?" she asked. "I'm going to get him something to eat and get him out of the cold for a while."

"Are you crazy, lady?" the homeless man resisted. "I don't want to go in there!" Then he felt strong hands grab his other arm and lift him up. "Let me go, officer. I didn't do anything."
" This is a good deal for you, Jack" the officer answered. "Don't blow it."

Finally, and with some difficulty, the woman and the police officer got Jack into the cafeteria and sat him at a table in a remote corner. It was the middle of the morning, so most of the breakfast crowd had already left and the lunch bunch had not yet arrived.

The manager strode across the cafeteria and stood by his table. "What's going on here, officer?" he asked. "What is all this, is this man in trouble?"

"This lady brought this man in here to be fed," the policeman answered.

"Not in here!" the manager replied angrily. "Having a person like that here is bad for business.."

Old Jack smiled a toothless grin. "See, lady. I told you so. Now if you'll let me go. I didn't want to come here in the first place."

The woman turned to the cafeteria manager and smiled. "Sir, are you familiar with Eddy and Associates, the banking firm down the street?"

"Of course I am," the manager answered impatiently. "They hold their weekly meetings in one of my banquet rooms."

"And do you make a godly amount of money providing food at these weekly meetings?"

"What business is that of yours?"

I, sir, am Penelope Eddy, president and CEO of the company."

"Oh."

The woman smiled again. "I thought that might make a difference." She glanced at the cop who was busy stifling a giggle. "Would you like to join us in a cup of coffee and a meal, officer?"

"No thanks, ma'am," the officer replied. "I'm on duty."

"Then, perhaps, a cup of coffee to go?"

"Yes, ma'am. That would be very nice."

The cafeteria manager turned on his heel, "I'll get your coffee for you right away, officer."

The officer watched him walk away. "You certainly put him in his place," he said.

"That was not my intent. Believe it or not, I have a reason for all this."

She sat down at the table across from her amazed dinner guest. She stared at him intently. "Jack, do you remember me?"

Old Jack searched her face with his old, rheumy eyes. "I think so -- I mean you do look familiar."

"I'm a little older perhaps," she said. "Maybe I've even filled out more than in my younger days when you worked here, and I came through that very door, cold and hungry."

"Ma'am?" the officer said questioningly. He couldn't believe that such a magnificently turned out woman could ever have been hungry.

"I was just out of college," the woman began. "I had come to the city looking for a job, but I couldn't find anything. Finally I was down to my last few cents and had been kicked out of my apartment. I walked the streets for days. It was February and I was cold and nearly starving. I saw this place and walked in on the off chance that I could get something to eat."

Jack lit up with a smile. "Now I remember," he said.. "I was behind the serving counter. You came up and asked me if you could work for something to eat. I said that it was against company policy."

"I know," the woman continued. "Then you made me the biggest roast beef sandwich that I had ever seen, gave me a cup of coffee, and told me to go over to a corner table and enjoy it. I was afraid that you would get into trouble. Then, when I looked over and saw you put the price of my food in the cash register, I knew then that everything would be all right."

"So you started your own business?" Old Jack said.

"I got a job that very afternoon. I worked my way up. Eventually I started my own business that, with the help of God, prospered." She opened her purse and pulled out a business card. "When you are finished here, I want you to pay a visit to a Mr. Lyons. He's the personnel director of my company. I'll go talk to him now and I'm certain he'll find something for you to do around the office." She smiled. "I think he might even find the funds to give you a little advance so that you can buy some clothes and get a place to live until you get on your feet. If you ever need anything, my door is always opened to you."

There were tears in the old man's eyes. "How can I ever thank you?" he said.

"Don't thank me," the woman answered. "To God goes the glory. Thank God. He led me to you."

Outside the cafeteria, the officer and the woman paused at the entrance before going their separate ways.

"Thank you for all your help, officer," she said.

"On the contrary, Ms. Eddy," he answered. "Thank you. I saw a miracle today, something that I will never forget. And, and thank you for the coffee."

God is going to shift things around for you today and let things work in your favor.

If you believe, send it.
If you don't believe, delete it.

God closes doors no man can open & God opens doors no man can close.
If you need God to open some doors for you, send this on.

Have a blessed day and remember to be a blessing.

LIVE WELL, LOVE MUCH, LAUGH OFTEN

English Verbal - 6

English Verbal - 6

Below are given a set of letters with numbers followed by four choices of letters to make a word. Choose the correct order of letters as indicated by numbers to form a word.

1.      G – 1,     B – 2,     D – 3,      A – 4,       R – 5,       E – 6

a)      1 4 5 3 2 6       b)  2 4 3 1 6 5,     c)  2 5 6 4 3 1     d)  1 4 5 2 3 6

2.      E – 1,      S – 2,      O – 3,       O – 4,       I – 5,      T – 6

a)      2 3 4 6 5 1       b)   6 3 4 2 5 1     c)   3 4 2 5 6 1      d)  4 6 5 3 2 1

3.      R – 1,      M – 2,     P – 3,       E – 4,        O – 5   

a)      1 5 2 3 4          b)    3 1 5 4 2      c)      3 5 4 2 1      d)  2 5 3 4 1

4.      D – 1,      R – 2,      C – 3,      H – 4,       N – 5,      I – 6,      E – 7,        L – 8

a)      3 4 6 8 1 2 7 5        b)  3 4 6 1 2 7 5 8      c)  7 8 1 2 6 5 3 4      d)  1 6 2 5 3 4 7 8

5.      C – 1,       C – 2,     O – 3,      U – 4,      B – 5,       L – 6,      I – 7

a)      2 6 7 5 3 4 1           b)   2 7 6 5 3 4 1         c)   5 4 1 3 6 7 2        d)   5 4 2 1 3 6 7

Following sentences are divided in to four parts  a), b), c) and d). Identify the part that has an error.

6.      a) The result of all these delays and cancellations,

b)      even though they were due to

c)      factors beyond our control,

d)      have caused great confusion

7.      a) Three possible choices

b)      occurred to us at the moment,

c)      but neither was

d)      entirely suitable.

8.      a) She is stubborn,

b)      selfish,

c)      mean,

d)      and has a sharp temper.

9.      a) When I was

b)      looking out of the window

c)      I saw him

d)      Standing at a roadside stall

10.  a) My father’s advice

b)      proved to be

c)      more invaluable

d)      than anything else

Answers:

1)      (b)       2)   (d)      3)    (b)       4.    (a)       5.    (c)        6.  (d)  (has instead of have)   

 

7.  (c) (were instead of was)      8.   (d)   (with instead of has)

9.  (b) ( looking through the window)     10.   (c)   (valuable)

English Comprehension-3

English Comprehension-3

Please read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:

Passage

Ask Henry Foster when he got involved in monkey business and he will tell you it was in 1972. That was when he went on a trapping expedition to the foot hills of the Himalayas to capture rhesus monkeys. He brought them to a congenial island in the Florida keys, ninety acres of mangroves basking under the subtropical sun, home to the hermit crab, frigate bird, egret, ibis, heron (great and small) and now 2,500 monkeys with identifying tattoos on their chests. Yes, 2,500 of them, climbing, chattering, swinging, snarling, grimacing, and most important from Foster’s point of view, breeding.

Foster is a pioneer in the commercial production of disease-free laboratory animals and he has invested well over $ 2 million in Key Lois on the conviction that he can turn those monkeys into money. The company he founded, Charles River Breeding Laboratories, last year produced 18 million rats, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys, more than he number of human beings born in North and South America. Charles River sells the animals to Universities, Government agencies, Pfizer, Procter & Gamble, Du Pont, General Foods, and hundreds of other companies around the world for use in biomedical research and product testing. If everything goes as expected this yer, the company will earn $ 2.3 million on sales of $ 23 million, making it the biggest breeder of the animals in the world.

Foster’s prospects in monkey breeding brightened recently when, by a strange turn of events, the competition from imports virtually vanished. The rhesus is the primate most widely used for research, and India is to the rhesus as Saudi Arabia is to oil. Early this year, the Indian Prime Minister learned that the American military was using rhesus imported from India to study the effects of neutron radiation, which he believes violates a 1955 agreement limiting their use to medical purposes. Angered, he cut of monkey exports as of April 1.

The U.S. imported 12,000 rhesus monkeys from India last year; the government and the pharmaceutical industry need 5,300 a year to test vaccines, primarily for polio. The shortage poses a threat to polio-vaccine production, though a sufficient number of rhesus for this use can probably be acquired from Bangladesh and the few government-sponsored breeding colonies in the U.S. That would leave hardly any for other research.

Foster had budgeted to sell all his young monkeys this year – about 560 of them – but in view of the shortage, he will hold back the females to build up the breeding stock. The rhesus has a ‘production index’ of 0.7 as they say in the trade, meaning that 100 mature females produce 70 babies a year. Unlike ordinary imports, the Key Lois monkeys have been checked and found free of herpes B virus and other ailments they are heir to. For those Foster does sell, he charges plenty - $ 490 for a one year old to $ 1,000 for a proven bearing female. Indian imports went for as little as $ 225 last year.

1.      

The reference to “monkey business” in the opening sentence of the paragraph is meant to be taken

a)      Literally,       b)  figuratively      c)  seriously         d)  in a business-like manner

2.       The most important aspect of the behaviour of rhesus monkeys from the point of view of Mr  Forster  is their

a)      Suitability n medical research,      b)  breeding      c) swinging, snarling and grimacing

d)    Suitability in studying the effects of neutron radiation

3.        Mr Forster’s company, last year produced 18 million

a)      Rats and mice      b) rats, pigs and monkeys  c) rats, hamsters and monkeys

d)   none of the above

4.       Mr Forster supplies animals manly for

a)      Biomedical research       b)  product testing      c)  neutron radiation studies    d)    a & b

5.       The Charles River Breeding Laboratories this year may earn a profit of $

a)      23 million         b)   2.3 million           c)    2 million         d)   none of the above

6.       The agreement of 1955 with the Indian Government limited the use of rhesus monkeys to

a)      Medical research    b)  product testing    c)  neutron radiation studies    d)  genetic research

7.       The Indian Prime Minister’s action in cutting off exports of rhesus monkeys has

a)      Prevented the U.S. Military from using rhesus monkeys in testing neutron radiation

b)      Led to import of rhesus monkeys from Bangladesh

c)       Made the U.S. Government dependent on the supplies from Mr Foster’s laboratories

d)      None of the above

8.       A great number of monkeys imported in the U.S.A  are made use of by the

a)      U.S. Government

b)      Pharmaceutical industry

c)       General foods,

d)      a & b

9.       The fact that the rhesus has a “production index of 0.7” means that

a)      a hundred females produce 70 babies a year

b)      70 females produce 100 babies a year

c)       7 mature females produce 100 babies  year

d)      None of the above

10.   While the Indian imports went for $ 225, Mr Forster charges for a proven bearing female rhesus, as much as $

a)      490         b)   1,500              c)   1,000               d)   2,000

Answers:

1.       (a)      2. (b)      3.  (d)      4.  (d)      5.   (b)     6.  (a)      7.  (d)      8.   (d)     9.  (d)     10.   (c)